enos and diabetes - First animal models of diabetes hypercholesterolemia grafik peningkatan penderita diabetes di dunia pdf and atherosclerosis such as dbdb mice and apoEknockout mice show diminished eNOS phosphorylation 6465 Second estrogens 66 statins 67 and peroxisome proliferator activated receptors PPARα and PPARγ agonists 68 69 increase eNOS S1177 phosphorylation Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase eNOS and the Cardiovascular System Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase Polymorphisms Are Associated With Vascular nitric oxide resistance in type 2 diabetes Scheme of the gene encoding endothelial nitric oxide synthase eNOS The human eNOS gene is located at 7q3536 and it contains 26 exons with the start transcription site designated by AUG in the promoter region polymorphisms are indicated in the promotor region and exon 7 However the protective aspect of eNOS in diabetesassociated atherosclerosis remains controversial a likely consequence of its capacity to release both protective NO or deleterious oxygen radicals in normal and disease settings respectively Harnessing the atheroprotective activity of eNOS in diabetic settings remains elusive in part due to Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disease characterized by longterm hyperglycaemia which leads to microangiopathy and macroangiopathy and ultimately increases the mortality of diabetic patients ETC which activates ROS and inactivates two important antiatherosclerotic enzymes prostacyclin synthase and eNOS Patients with diabetes have Mechanisms of Disease endothelial dysfunction in insulin resistance Endothelial dysfunction occurs commonly in diabetes and insulin resistance This Review describes mechanisms that promote development of atherosclerosis in these conditions through changes in Mechanism of eNOS uncoupling During diabetes hyperglycemia activates NADPH oxidase NOX which is responsible for converting oxygen into the gestational diabetes market growth superoxide anion O 2 using up NADPH during the Vascular disease plays a critical role in morbidity and mortality associated with diabetes mellitus Nitric oxide is an essential molecule involved in vascular homeostasis It is generated by the family of enzymes known as NO synthases which include endothelial NOS eNOS neuronal NOS nNOS and cytokineinducible NOS iNOS Role of Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase in Diabetic Nephropathy Endothelial nitric oxide synthase eNOS variants were previously demonstrated in cardiovascular disease To evaluate whether eNOS gene variants are associated with insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes we evaluated polymorphisms in Exon7 E298D intron 18 IVS18 27AC and intron 23 IVS23 10GT in 159 type 2 diabetic patients without macrovascular complications and in 207 Nitric Oxide Its Role in Diabetes Mellitus and Methods to Improve Vascular endothelial dysfunction a major mediator in diabetic A progressive decreased eNOS sensitivity to ACh was also shown to be worsened with the diabetes duration EC5 0 for ACh in diabetic arteries was increased from 135 nM after 6 weeks to 63 and 100 Direct Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase Activation Provides Second it is well known that diabetes causes eNOS uncoupling and the uncoupled eNOS serves as a major source of superoxide overproduction in diabetic endothelium In addition NO was shown to promote superoxide generation by reducing oxygen consumption in mitochondria 94 95 Because these superoxide generations do not occur in eNOS eNOS metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular disease PMC The role of oxidative stress apricots diabetes in diabetes mellitusinduced vascular
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